The protection of civilians is one of the central purposes of international humanitarian law. Armed conflict creates serious risks for people who are not participating in hostilities, and IHL establishes rules to reduce civilian suffering.
PUBLIC LEGAL REFERENCE
Protection of Civilians
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Civilians are persons who are not members of armed forces or otherwise directly participating in hostilities. They must be protected from the dangers arising from military operations.
International humanitarian law prohibits direct attacks against civilians. Parties to conflict must distinguish civilian persons and objects from military objectives.
Civilian objects such as homes, schools and essential infrastructure are protected unless they become military objectives. Attacks must comply with humanitarian principles.
Parties to armed conflict must allow and facilitate humanitarian relief for civilians in need, subject to applicable legal rules and security requirements.
Forced displacement of civilians is restricted under international humanitarian law. Civilians must not be moved unless required for their safety or imperative military reasons recognised by law.
Certain groups, including children, medical personnel and humanitarian workers, receive additional protection under international humanitarian law.
Students should understand that civilian protection is based on distinction, limits on attacks, protection of civilian objects, humanitarian assistance and special protections for vulnerable persons.
Students should understand the special protections given to civilians under IHL and the rules preventing deliberate attacks, unlawful displacement and collective punishment.
The protection of civilians is a central principle of IHL. Civilians must not be deliberately targeted and must receive protection from violence, displacement and unlawful treatment.